【今日TED精讀】：植樹真的能給地球降溫嗎？ does planting trees actually cool the planet？
隨著氣候變化的日益嚴重，植樹被認為是減少溫室氣體的重要措施。 然而，是時候重新審視這種做法了嗎？ 我們是否在植樹的道路上走得太遠而忽視了正確的方法？
** 雙語字幕）。
更換密封件。
以原文閱讀（附翻譯）。
in the fight to curb climate change, there are few solutions more discussed than planting lots and lots of trees.
在應對氣候變化的鬥爭中，沒有比大規模植樹更值得討論的選擇了。
it sounds **enough — trees absorb co2 from the atmosphere to grow, so planting more of them should help eliminate greenhouse gases.
聽起來很簡單：樹木從大氣中吸收二氧化碳，因此種植更多的樹木應該有助於消除溫室氣體。
the trouble is, tree planting efforts don't always work as planned.
問題在於，植樹並不總是按計畫進行。
for example, between 1974 and 2012, the chilean government helped fund the planting of over a million hectares of new trees.
例如，在 1974 年至 2012 年期間，智利**資助種植了超過 100 萬公頃的新樹。
yet a recent analysis suggests this multi-million dollar effort resulted in no major carbon storage gains.
然而，最近的一項分析表明，這項耗資數百萬美元的努力並沒有帶來顯著的碳儲量增長。
what went wrong?
哪裡出了問題？
chile focused on afforestation: the planting of trees in places long devoid of — or never home to — any forest, as opposed to reforestation, the practice of restoring recently degraded forests.
智利的重點是植樹造林，即在長期沒有或從未有過森林的地方植樹造林，而不是重新造林，即恢復最近退化的森林的做法。
many governments and international organizations champion afforestation in their efforts to meet lofty tree-planting goals that require massive amounts of land.
許多**和國際組織提倡植樹造林，以努力實現崇高的植樹目標，這需要大量的土地。
the bonn challenge, launched in 2011 by the german government and the international union for conservation of nature, aims to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land across the globe by 2030, in part through afforestation.
2011 年，德國**和國際自然保護聯盟發起了“波恩挑戰”，旨在恢復世界上 35億公頃的退化土地，部分通過植樹造林。
many companies h**e also seized on tree planting to offset emissions and, in some cases, negative pr from their contributions to the climate emergency.
許多公司還利用植樹來抵消排放，在某些情況下，還利用負面公關來應對氣候緊急情況。
a 2021 oxfam analysis found that the area needed to match the tree-planting goals set by four of the largest oil and gas producers would require land twice the size of the uk.
樂施會 2021 年的一項分析發現，要實現四大石油和天然氣生產國設定的植樹目標，需要兩倍於英國的面積。
here's where things get complicated.
這就是事情變得複雜的地方。
in order to be a long-term carbon sink, trees need to grow to maturity and stay put.
要使樹木成為長期的碳匯，它們需要生長並保持在原地。
most of chile's afforestation funding went to the commercial forestry industry, which drastically expanded plantations of mostly non-native trees — in some cases even by plowing into native forests.
智利的大部分重新造林資金都用於商業林業，種植面積大幅擴大，主要是非本地樹木，在某些情況下，為了種植而破壞原始森林。
according to one study, on **erage, natural forests are 40 times better at carbon storage than plantations.
根據一項研究，平均而言，天然林儲存的碳是人工林的 40 倍。
a mature tree can absorb up to 22 kilograms of carbon dioxide each year.
一棵成年樹每年可以吸收多達 22 公斤的二氧化碳。
but plantation trees are harvested.
但是當樹木被種植時，它們將被砍伐。
further, pine and eucalyptus — two commonly grown plantation trees — are highly flammable, so gains in carbon storage can quickly go up in smoke.
此外，松樹和桉樹（兩種常見的種植樹木）非常易燃，因此碳儲存的增加很快就會化為烏有。
and not all land should be forested.
此外，並非所有土地都應該是森林。
in 2019, researchers estimated that, of the 100 million hectares of land targeted for a tree planting initiative in africa, most is s**anna.
2019 年，研究人員估計，非洲種植的 1 億公頃土地中大部分是稀樹草原。
dropping trees into africa's s**annas threatens wildlife that thrive in sunlight and open spaces.
在非洲大草原上放養樹木會危及在陽光和開放空間中茁壯成長的野生動物。
and wildfires, not to mention a passing elephant, can quickly stomp out years of tree growth.
而且，毋庸置疑，大象在路上，野火可以迅速摧毀生長多年的樹木。
meanwhile, a s**anna's natural vegetation tucks most of its carbon safely away below ground, where it's protected from fire and hungry herbivores.
同時，稀樹草原的天然植被安全地將大部分碳隱藏在地下，保護它免受火災和飢餓的食草動物的侵害。
planting trees can also h**e unintended consequences in places that naturally reflect sunlight like drylands or snowy terrain.
在陽光自然反射陽光的地方，如旱地或雪地，植樹也會產生意想不到的後果。
trees in these regions could absorb more of the sun's rays, contributing to a warmer planet.
這些地區的樹木吸收了更多的陽光，使地球變暖。
it's not that we shouldn't plant more trees.
這並不是說我們不應該種更多的樹。
but for the best chance of success, programs should consider which species to plant, which lands to forest, and how to protect the land long-term.
然而，為了獲得最大的成功機會，專案應該考慮種植哪些品種，可以種植哪些土地，以及如何長期保護土地。
today, chile is prioritizing planting native trees rather than timber plantations.
今天，智利優先考慮種植本地樹木而不是木材種植園。
some researchers argue that a more efficient way to re-green the planet is to protect forests and let nature do the work.
一些研究人員認為，重新綠化地球的更有效方法是保護森林，讓大自然發揮作用。
on recently deforested land, seeds wait in soil, and new sprouts grow from old stumps.
在最近開墾的土地上，種子積聚在土壤中，新芽從舊樹樁上發芽。
as time passes, birds and winds deliver seeds from forests nearby.
隨著時間的流逝，鳥類和風會從附近的森林中帶來種子。
others support programs that practice assisted natural regeneration — helping nature along by removing grasses that compete with saplings, preventing grazing, and even planting trees in small patches.
其他人則支援協助自然再生的計畫——通過連根拔起與樹苗競爭的草、防止放牧，甚至種植小片樹木來幫助自然。
so when is it bad to plant trees?
那麼什麼時候種樹不好呢？
when programs put the wrong trees in the wrong places.
當乙個專案將錯誤的樹種到錯誤的地方時。
it's bad when it's mistakenly used as a catch-all solution, rather than addressing more complex issues like carbon emissions and active deforestation.
如果它被誤認為是乙個包羅永珍的解決方案，而不是解決更複雜的問題，如碳排放和積極的森林砍伐，那就太糟糕了。
it's also bad to plant trees when it allows companies and governments to practice greenwashing, throwing money at initiatives that h**e no real chance of achieving the carbon offsets they promise.
植樹也是不好的，因為它允許公司和**漂綠並將資金投入到他們不可能實現的碳抵消計畫中。
the best investments in a greener future are to cut carbon emissions, while protecting these forests from being destroyed in the first place.
對綠色未來的最佳投資是減少碳排放，同時首先保護這些森林免受破壞。
關鍵詞彙短語
關鍵詞： 1 co2 / ˌsiː.oʊ.tu 二氧化碳。
2.植樹造林 f r ste n 造林。
3. reforestation / ˌriː.f r ste n 重新造林。
4.碳 kɑ rb n 碳。
5.種植園 pl n te n plantation.
6.原生 NE T V 本地。
7. deforestation / ˌdiː.森林砍伐。
8.排放 M nz 排放。
9. regeneration / ˌriː.d en re n 再生。
10.漂綠 ɡri n w green shuffle.
關鍵詞： 1植樹。
2.碳儲存。
3.天然更新。
4.土地恢復。
5.氣候緊急情況。
小練習
1. between 1974 and 2012, the chilean government funded the planting of over a million hectares of new trees, but a recent analysis suggests this effort resulted in __
a) significant carbon storage gains
b) no major carbon storage gains
c) a decrease in carbon emissions
d) a decrease in afforestation efforts
2. afforestation focuses on planting trees in places long devoid of any forest, while reforestation aims to restore __
a) natural vegetation
b) recently degraded forests
c) commercial plantations
d) non-native species
3. the bonn challenge, launched in 2011, aims to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land across the globe by 2030, in part through __
a) reducing emissions
b) afforestation
c) promoting deforestation
d) increasing wildfires
答案解析：1正確答案：b）沒有重大的碳儲存收益 解釋：智利**資助了在1974年至2012年期間種植超過100萬公頃新樹的專案，但最近的分析表明，這一努力並未帶來顯著的碳儲存收益。
2.正確答案： b） 最近退化的森林 解釋：植樹造林的重點是在長期未植樹造林的地方植樹，而重新造林的目的是恢復最近被破壞的森林。
3.正確答案：b）植樹造林 解釋：波恩挑戰於2011年啟動，旨在通過恢復350億公頃退化土地，到2030年實現全球治理，其中一部分是通過植樹造林實現的。
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